Genomic techniques used to find new diagnostic markers for testicular cancer

Numerous recent studies have demonstrated the use of genomic data, particularly gene expression signatures, as clinical prognostic and diagnostic factors in cancer. This review highlights the usage of genomic analysis to detect diagnostic markers for testicular cancer. The carcinoma in situ (CIS) cell is the common precursor of nearly all testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT). So, there is a particular need of novel markers specific to CIS and various molecular techniques are been used for the same. In particular, the focus is on recent studies showing successful usage of microarray technology, tools used for its analysis and finally a glimpse of role of Comparative Genomic Hybridisation (CGH) in discovery of new markers for CIS diagnosis.

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Genomic techniques used to find new diagnostic markers for testicular cancer

A Study of Idiotypic Vaccine for Follicular Lymphoma Treatment

Lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising in the lymphoid tissue. Lymphomas are usually treated by a combination of the various therapies for eg : Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Bone Marrow Transplant, Stem cells procedure etc (Freedman J. ,2005). But there are lots of complications and side effects related to all the above mentioned methods (Scheinberg D. A. and Jurcic J. W., 2004).

A number of conventional therapeutic options can induce reasonably durable and sequential clinical complete responses in majority of patients (2). However, second and subsequent responses tend to be progressively shorter than those achieved earlier. In particular, most second complete responses obtained through standard chemotherapy last far less than 2 years, and the median duration is 13 months (Illidge T. and Johnson P. W. M., 2005). Follicular lymphomas (FL) are basically indolent diseases. While highly responsive to chemotherapy, the majority of lymphomas in patients remain incurable even by using various combinations of standard chemotherapy drugs. There is a need for novel therapies with less toxicity and more specific targeting of tumor cells (1).

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A Study of Idiotypic Vaccine for Follicular Lymphoma Treatment

Diuretics- Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure

In Cardiovascular disease, the heart of the patient cannot pump enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's needs. The chambers of the heart respond by stretching to hold more blood to pump through the body or by becoming stiff and thickened. This helps to keep the blood moving for a short while but, in time, the heart muscle walls weaken and are unable to pump as strongly (2). As a result, the kidneys often respond by causing the body to retain fluid and sodium. If fluid builds up in the organs, the body becomes congested, and congestive heart failure (CHF) is the term used to describe the condition (1). CHF is the cause of significant morbimortality all over the world and its incidence and prevalence are rising. There are a variety of therapy options for CHF, but diuretics play an important role (Acuña C. et. al., 2010).

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Diuretics: Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure